"여기서 '회개' 라는 단어는 우리가 아는 대로 메타노이아 (metanoia) 다. 메타노이아는 새 마음, 새 정신, 새 생각을 말한다. 메리암 웹스터 사전의 정의는 "생각의 철저한 변화" "완전히 바뀌는 마음" 이다."

위의 말은 참으로 좋은 교훈적 말씀이라 생각합니다. 회개의 깊은 뜻을 다시 한번 새기게 합니다. 아주 좋습니다.

하지만, 그 이하의 말 중 일부 이견이 있어 미흡하나마 제 의견을 말해 보고자 합니다.

1. 정 목사님 말씀처럼 저 역시 위의 마태복음 4: 17절의 'repent' (명사형은 repentance) 라는 번역을 "성경의 결정적인 오류의 하나'라고 지적하는 것은 지나친 견해라고 생각합니다.

2. 아울러, 제 견해로는 'panance'가 라틴어  paenitentia의 의미에 더 가깝다 하는 것도 동의하기 힘듭니다. 윗 글의 필자는'repent'라는 단어의 의미를 일반적 의미로만 이해하고 이의 성서적 의미의 뜻(biblical repent)을 간과하고 있습니다.

3. Oxford dictionary에 의하면  'penance'라는 단어가 라틴어 paenitentia에서 나왔으며 그 의미는  'repentance'를 뜻한다고 분명히 말하고 있습니다.

 penance - *Middle English: from Old French, from Latin paenitentia 'repentance', from the verb paenitere 'be sorry'.( *중세영어: Old Franch어에서 유래하였다. 이 말은 'repentance'를 뜻하는 라틴어  paenitentia에서 왔으며  이는  'be sorry'를 뜻하는 동사 'paenitere'에서 유래하였다).

또한 동사형의 의미가 'be sorry'를 뜻한다는 것으로 볼때 이 paenitentia라는 단어 자체도 윗 글에서 말한 metanoia의 그런 의미에 일치하지는 못한다는 것을 알 수 있습니다. 오히려 어떤 면에서는 'repentance'가 그 원 의미에 더 가깝다는 느낌이 듭니다.

4. 고로 대부분의 성경 번역들은 그나마 'repent'라는 단어가 원 뜻에 가장 가깝다고 보았고 아래처럼 이 말로 'paenitere'를 번역하고 있는 것 같습니다. (괄호 안의 코멘트는 저의 개인 의견입니다).  

'penance'라는 단어는 지금도 카톨릭의 '고해성사'를 의미합니다. 그 단어에는 참회, 회개의 의미 뿐만 아니라, 고행, 회오의 행위, 속죄등  행위(의 공로)에 의한 (카톨릭적)속죄의 뜻이 함축되어 있습니다. 저는 아직까지는 이  'penance'라는 단어를 쓰는 개신교 영어 번역본은 보지 못했습니다. 전 세계의 고명한 학자들이 이 말을 몰라서 paenitentia의 번역어로 안 쓰는 것은 아닐 것입니다.

* King James Version: "Repent"

* New International Version: "Repent"

* Living Bible: "Turn from sin, and turn to God" ('죄에서 돌이킨다,는 의미는 명확하나 '회개한다'는 의미는 Repent" 보다 조금 부족하게 보여짐)

* Today's English Version: "Turn away from your sins"('죄에서 돌이킨다,는 의미는 명확하나 '회개한다'는 의미는 역시Repent" 보다 조금 부족하게 보여짐)

* Phillips Modern English: "You must change your hearts and minds"('마음을 어떤 동기에서 어떤 상태나 위치로 돌이키느냐' 하는 점에서  "Repent"보다 많이 부족하게 보여짐. 전체적으로 뜻이 좀 모호함.)

* The Message: "Change your life" (English가 아니라, Greek 과 Hebrew 성서 원문에서 직접 번역했다하는 이 paraphrased 성경 구절도 그 뜻은 오히려 더욱 모호함)

* Revised standard Version: "Repent"

* New Revised standard Version: "Repent"

* Jerusalem Bible: "Repent"

* New English Bible: "Repent"

* The Clear Word: "Repent"

5.  아래의 설명은 "repent"라는 단어가 원어의 뜻을 충분히 나타내면서 일반적 의미가 아닌 성서적 의미로 쓰여지고 있음을 보여줍니다. (By L.R. Shelton Jr. About Repentance. Chapter 2 of the book Biblical Repentance)

Repentance Defined

You see then, sinful man stands as a rebel against God’s government and authority. This is why our Lord Jesus came on the scene preaching, “Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand” (Mat 4:17). He commands every sinner to lay down his arms of rebellion and hoist the white flag of surrender to enter the Kingdom of God. In other words, a sinner has tochange his mind about sin.

This is exactly what it means to repent: a change of mind about sin and about God, which results in turning from sin to God.

The Biblical vocabulary for repentance is truly rich. The theme of repentance is found throughout the en-tire Bible and its idea is expressed even when the word itself is not used. In the Old Testament, two Hebrew words, the verbs nacham andshub, are often translated as repent. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament by Koehler, Baumgartner, Richardson, and Stamm says nacham means “to be sorry, come to regret something, to repent” as in Job 42:6, “Wherefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes.” In their Commentary on the Old Testament, Keil and Delitzsch remark, “Nacham is the exact expression for metanoeo, the godly sorrow of repentance not to be repented of. He repents (sitting) on dust and ashes after the manner of those in deep grief.” Regarding shub, which means “to turn,” the Theological Wordbook of the OT says, “The Bible is rich in idioms describing man’s responsibility in the process of repentance. Such phrases would in-clude the following: ‘incline your heart unto the Lord your God’ (Josh 24:23): ‘circumcise yourselves to the Lord’ (Jer 4:4); ‘wash your heart from wickedness’ (Jer 4:14); ‘break up your fallow ground’ (Hos 10:12) and so forth. All these expressions of man’s penitential activity, however, are subsumed and summarized by this one verb shub. For better than any other verb it combines in itself the two requisites of repentance: to turn from evil and to turn to the good.” They conclude by saying, “To be sure, there is no systematic spelling out of the doctrine of repentance in the OT. It is illustrated (Ps 51) more than anything else. Yet the fact that people are called “to turn” either “to” or “away from” implies that sin is not an ineradicable stain, but by turning, a God-given power, a sinner can redirect his destiny. There are two sides in understanding conversion, the free sover-eign act of God’s mercy and man’s going beyond contrition and sorrow to a conscious decision of turning to God. The latter includes repudiation of all sin and affirmation of God’s total will for one’s life.”

In the New Testament, three Greek words express repentance: the verbs metanoeo, metamelomai, and the nounmetanoia. 1) According to the Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament by Friberg, Friberg, and Miller, metanoeo is used “predominately of a religious and ethical change in the way one thinks about acts: repent, change one’s mind, be converted (Mat 3:2).” It can also express an emotional element: “as feeling re-morse regret, feel sorry (Luk 17:3, 4).” 2) A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testamen and Other Early Christian Literature by Arndt, Gingrich, Danker, and Bauer says that metamelomai means to “feel regret, re-pent.” The Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Based on Semantic Domains by J.P. Louw and E.A. Nida says of metamelomai “to change one’s mind about something, with the probable implication of regret—‘to change one’s mind, to think differently.’” 3) “Metanoiameans “a change of mind that leads to a change of behavior.” Louw and Nida say of metanoeo and metanoia, “To change one’s way of life as the result of a com-plete change of thought and attitude with regard to sin and righteousness—‘to repent, to change one’s way, repentance.’ metanoeo: ‘And they went out, and preached that men should repent’ (Mar 6:12). metanoia: ‘not knowing that the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance?’ (Rom 2:4). Though in English a focal compo-nent of repent is the sorrow or contrition that a person experiences because of sin, the emphasis inmetanoeo and metanoia seems to be more specifically the total change, both in thought and behavior, with respect to how one should both think and act.” The importance of these definitions is that while the primary emphasis in re-pentance is on the change of mind that leads to a change of behavior, one cannot rule out the emotional element of regret or remorse.

What Repentance Includes

Therefore, to repent is a change of mind about sin and about God, which results in turning from sin to God. And what a turning it is! Repentance affects the whole life of a sinner.

Repentance includes a sinner taking the blame for his sinful condition before God and siding with Him against himself. A penitant blames no one else for his condition, but rather condemns himself under God’s eternal wrath because he deserves it.

Repentance includes sorrowing for sin. 2 Corinthians 7:10 says that “godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation not to be repented of.” And Matthew 5:4 says, “Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be com-forted.”

Repentance leads to confessing sin. Hiding nothing, a sinner owns his sins and pours out his sinful heart to God.

Furthermore, repentance leads to forsaking sin. A repenting sinner determines not to return to it. So in Bib-lical repentance, a convicted and convinced sinner takes his place before God as justly condemned. He hates his sin, longing to be free from it. He sorrows over sin, determining not to return to it. And he shows that his repentance is real by walking in the pathway of righteousness and true holiness. “Bringing forth fruits for re-pentance” is evidence that a radical change has taken place in our lives (Mat 3:8).

 Repentance Is Perpetual

I must stress yet another truth: Biblical repentance is perpetual—God’s child will repent till God takes him home. Repentance is a lasting mindset, a continuing abhorrence of evil.

Oh how many precious souls have been damned right here! They seem to embrace repentance for a while. They give up their old companions and leave their places of sin—the bar, the dance floor, the harlot’s house. They seem to embrace Christ. They even preach, teach, and witness for Him. But because they are “stony-ground hearers” (Mar 4:5, 6; 16, 17), they only endure for a while. They begin to grow cold, gradually return-ing to their former ways. They go back to sin, back to what they had renounced. One by one they pick up the old sins and companions and return to the world. You see, their repentance was not perpetual: it did not spring from the new birth, but from the flesh. The Word of God describes them:

“For if after they have escaped the pollutions of the world through the knowledge of the Lord and Sav-ior Jesus Christ, they are again entangled therein, and overcome, the latter end is worse with them than the beginning. For it had been better for them not to have known the way of righteousness, than, after they have known it, to turn from the holy commandment delivered unto them. But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb, The dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire” (2Pe 2:20-22).

In so many cases, going back is slow. Few go back all at once! First, they long for “liberty”: they search the Word of God to find out what liberty they have, so they can live as close to the world as possible. Then slowly they go back to this sin and that sin. Finally, they no longer have a witness for Christ, but only an outward pro-fession of faith. Sin doesn’t bother them anymore. They neither hate it nor cry against it. They tell themselves that God no longer wants them to repent and hate sin. They think they’re in the way of life, yet sin doesn’t bother them anymore! So they turn back to those sins from which they had once turned saying, “We now have liberty to walk in these ways!” But oh, my friends, this is not liberty, but license to do what you’ve always wanted to do, license to walk in sin without restraint! You’ve played with fire and your heart is now hardened by the deceitfulness of sin! (Heb 3:12)

Again I warn you, beware of repentance that does not continue! If it is not true Biblical repentance, your heart will again be satisfied with the garbage of the world: “He feedeth on ashes; a deceived heart hath turned him aside, that he cannot deliver his soul, nor say, Is there not a lie in my right hand?” (Isa 44:20). So never forget: true repentance is perpetual. If you are truly converted, you will hate and forsake your sins for the rest of your life. And you will long to be holy, to be like Christ, and to please God. I ask, “Have you ever possessed the true Biblical repentance that God commands of all men?”

이상은 전문가의 입장이 아닌 저의 개인적 의견입니다. 부족한 점이 많이 있으리라 생각합니다. 혹 좋으신 의견 주시면 감사히 받아 검토하겠습니다. (*하지만, 사실 이 문제는 우리 같은 일반 성도들에게는 거의 논의의 가치 조차 없다는 것이 저의 솔직한 생각입니다. 차라리 그 시간에 시편 하나라도 깊이 음미하는 것이 훨씬 더 유익하다 봅니다.)

* Middle English (ME): refers to the dialects of the English language spoken in parts of the British Isles after the Norman conquest until the late 15th century.

저는 조용히 사는 편을 택하고 살기 때문에 잘 모릅니다.

실례지만 미쳐 목사님이신지 장로님이신지 잘 모르겠습니다.

가능한이면 자신 소개를 어느 때  해주시면 좋겠습니다.

이렇게 자상하게 정성껏 말씀해 주시니 많이 배웁니다.

좋은 자료로 잘 읽었습니다. 

게시판에 이러한 자료가 나오기를 모두 기대하실 것입니다.

앞으로도 좋은 내용 해설을 부탁합니다.

배우고자 합니다!

감사합니다!